:PROPERTIES: :ID: 5cb1f706-0162-4e6d-9cd8-dc6af3ae68cc :END: #+title: Python Typing [[id:cda9c620-fec5-4549-b979-22fc06819d77][Python]] does not require nor enforce strict typing, and instead takes a dynamic approach using [[id:c50025bd-6942-4a78-b448-ea6fda2925fd][Duck Typing]]. [[id:59b10eea-ac54-4452-ae6c-b5e003bb0c22][Gradual Typing]] support for Python is provided via type hints as described in [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/][PEP-484]] (which covers [[id:b458dd6c-6627-4e6b-b0ec-b6dbd030a83a][Nominal Typing]]) and expanded upon in [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0544/][PEP-544]] (which covers [[id:c16eb203-290f-4644-8f18-725ffad15e92][Structural Typing]]). Variables, function arguments, and return values can have their types annotated, e.g. "variable x has type integer" or "function y takes a string and returns a list of dictionaries". While these are optional and not checked at run-time, they serve as documentation and can be used by various type checkers to ensure program correctness. * Available Type Checkers - Mypy :: http://mypy-lang.org/ - Pyright (Microsoft) :: https://github.com/Microsoft/pyright - Pyre (Facebook) :: https://pyre-check.org/ - Pytype (Google) :: https://google.github.io/pytype/ * Limitations - Type hints do not guarantee purity. - Type hints are not checked at run-time. * Fun facts - Per [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0285/][PEP-285]], Python's =boolean= inherits from =int=, hence =True + True = 2=. * Relevant PEPs | PEP | Name | Python Version | |------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------| | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3107/][3107]] | Function Annotations | 3.0 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0443/][443]] | Single-dispatch generic functions | 3.4 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0482/][482]] | Literature Overview for Type Hints | N/A | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/][483]] | The Theory of Type Hints | N/A | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/][484]] | Type Hints | 3.5 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0526/][526]] | Syntax for Variable Annotations | 3.6 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0544/][544]] | Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing) | 3.8 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0557/][557]] | Data Classes | 3.7 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0560/][560]] | Core support for typing module and generic types | 3.7 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0561/][561]] | Distributing and Packaging Type Information | 3.7 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0563/][563]] | Postponed Evaluation of Annotations | 3.7 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585/][585]] | Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections | 3.9 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0586/][586]] | Literal Types | 3.8 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0589/][589]] | TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys | 3.8 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0591/][591]] | Adding a final qualifier to typing | 3.8 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0593/][593]] | Flexible function and variable annotations | 3.9 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/][604]] | Allow writing union types as X ｜ Y | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0612/][612]] | Parameter Specification Variables | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/][613]] | Explicit Type Aliases | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/][634]] | Structural Pattern Matching: Specification | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0635/][635]] | Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0636/][636]] | Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0638/][638]] | Syntactic Macros | | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0640/][640]] | Unused variable syntax | 3.10 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0646/][646]] | Variadic Generics | 3.11 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0647/][647]] | User-Defined Type Guards | 3.10 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0649/][649]] | Deferred Evaluation Of Annotations Using Descriptors | 3.13 | | [[https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0654/][654]] | Exception Groups and except* | 3.11 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0655/][655]] | Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing | 3.11 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0673/][673]] | Self Type | 3.11 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0675/][675]] | Arbitrary Literal String Type | 3.11 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0692/][692]] | Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing | 3.12 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/][695]] | Type Parameter Syntax | 3.12 | | [[https://peps.python.org/pep-0698/][698]] | Override Decorator for Static Typing | 3.12 |