36 KiB
4.1 - The Metacircular Evaluator
- <<4.1.1>> The Core of the Evaluator
- <<4.1.2>> Representing Expressions
- <<4.1.3>> Evaluator Data Structures
- <<4.1.4>> Running the Evaluator as a Program
- <<4.1.5>> Data as Programs
- <<4.1.6>> Internal Definitions
- <<4.1.7>> Separating Syntatic Analysis from Execution
We will be writing a Lisp evaluator implemented in Lisp (hence, metacircular: an evaluator written in the same language it evaluates).
The evaluator will be specified using procedures defining the syntax of the expressions to be evaluated. Data abstraction will be used to make the evaluator independent of the representation of the language.
<<4.1.1>> The Core of the Evaluator
Eval
(define (eval exp env)
(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
exp)
((variable? exp)
(lookup-variable-value exp env))
((quoted? exp)
(text-of-quotation exp))
((assignment? exp)
(eval-assignment exp env))
((definition? exp)
(eval-definition exp env))
((if? exp)
(eval-if exp env))
((lambda? exp)
(make-procedure
(lambda-parameters exp)
(lambda-body exp)
env))
((begin? exp)
(eval-sequence
(begin-actions exp)
env))
((cond? exp)
(eval (cond->if exp) env))
((application? exp)
(apply (eval (operator exp) env)
(list-of-values
(operands exp)
env)))
(else
(error "Unknown expression
type: EVAL" exp))))Apply
(define apply-in-underlying-scheme apply)
(define (apply procedure arguments)
(cond ((primitive-procedure? procedure)
(apply-primitive-procedure
procedure
arguments))
((compound-procedure? procedure)
(eval-sequence
(procedure-body procedure)
(extend-environment
(procedure-parameters
procedure)
arguments
(procedure-environment
procedure))))
(else
(error "Unknown procedure
type: APPLY"
procedure))))Procedure Arguments
(define (list-of-values exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(cons (eval (first-operand exps) env)
(list-of-values
(rest-operands exps)
env))))Conditionals
(define (eval-if exp env)
(if (true? (eval (if-predicate exp) env))
(eval (if-consequent exp) env)
(eval (if-alternative exp) env)))In this case, the language being implemented and the implementation language are the same. Contemplation of the meaning of
true?here yields expansion of consciousness without the abuse of substance.
Sequences
(define (eval-sequence exps env)
(cond ((last-exp? exps)
(eval (first-exp exps) env))
(else
(eval (first-exp exps) env)
(eval-sequence (rest-exps exps)
env))))Assignments and definitions
(define (eval-assignment exp env)
(set-variable-value!
(assignment-variable exp)
(eval (assignment-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)
(define (eval-definition exp env)
(define-variable!
(definition-variable exp)
(eval (definition-value exp) env)
env)
'ok)Exercise 4.1
Notice that we cannot tell whether the metacircular evaluator
evaluates operands from left to right or from right to left. Its
evaluation order is inherited from the underlying Lisp: If the
arguments to cons in list-of-values are evaluated from left to
right, then list-of-values will evaluate operands from left to
right; and if the arguments to cons are evaluated from right to left,
then list-of-values will evaluate operands from right to left.
Write a version of list-of-values that evaluates operands from left
to right regardless of the order of evaluation in the underlying
Lisp. Also write a version of list-of-values that evaluates operands
from right to left.
(define (list-of-values-ltr exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(let ((first (eval (first-operand exps) env))
(rest (list-of-values-ltr
(rest-operands exps)
env)))
(cons first rest))))
(define (list-of-values-rtl exps env)
(if (no-operands? exps)
'()
(let ((rest (list-of-values-rtl
(rest-operands exps)
env))
(first (eval (first-operand exps) env)))
(cons first rest))))<<4.1.2>> Representing Expressions
-
The only self-evaluating items are numbers and strings:
(define (self-evaluating? exp) (cond ((number? exp) true) ((string? exp) true) (else false))) -
Variables are represented by symbols:
(define (variable? exp) (symbol? exp)) -
Quotations have the form
(quote 〈text-of-quotation〉):(define (quoted? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'quote)) (define (text-of-quotation exp) (cadr exp))Quoted?is defined in terms of the proceduretagged-list?, which identifies lists beginning with a designated symbol:(define (tagged-list? exp tag) (if (pair? exp) (eq? (car exp) tag) false)) -
Assignments have the form
(set! 〈var〉 〈value〉):(define (assignment? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'set!)) (define (assignment-variable exp) (cadr exp)) (define (assignment-value exp) (caddr exp)) -
Definitions have the form
(define ⟨var⟩ ⟨value⟩)
or the form
(define (⟨var⟩ ⟨param₁⟩ … ⟨paramₙ⟩) ⟨body⟩)The latter form (standard procedure definition) is syntactic sugar for
(define ⟨var⟩ (lambda (⟨param₁⟩ … ⟨paramₙ⟩) ⟨body⟩))The corresponding syntax procedures are the following:
(define (definition? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'define)) (define (definition-variable exp) (if (symbol? (cadr exp)) (cadr exp) (caadr exp))) (define (definition-value exp) (if (symbol? (cadr exp)) (caddr exp) (make-lambda (cdadr exp) ; formal parameters (cddr exp)))) ; body -
Lambda expressions are lists that begin with the symbol
lambda:(define (lambda? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'lambda)) (define (lambda-parameters exp) (cadr exp)) (define (lambda-body exp) (cddr exp))We also provide a constructor for lambda expressions, which is used by
definition-value, above:(define (make-lambda parameters body) (cons 'lambda (cons parameters body))) -
Conditionals begin with
ifand have a predicate, a consequent, and an (optional) alternative. If the expression has no alternative part, we providefalseas the alternative.(define (if? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'if)) (define (if-predicate exp) (cadr exp)) (define (if-consequent exp) (caddr exp)) (define (if-alternative exp) (if (not (null? (cdddr exp))) (cadddr exp) 'false))We also provide a constructor for
ifexpressions, to be used bycond->ifto transformcondexpressions intoifexpressions:(define (make-if predicate consequent alternative) (list 'if predicate consequent alternative)) -
Beginpackages a sequence of expressions into a single expression. We include syntax operations onbeginexpressions to extract the actual sequence from thebeginexpression, as well as selectors that return the first expression and the rest of the expressions in the sequence.(define (begin? exp) (tagged-list? exp 'begin)) (define (begin-actions exp) (cdr exp)) (define (last-exp? seq) (null? (cdr seq))) (define (first-exp seq) (car seq)) (define (rest-exps seq) (cdr seq))We also include a constructor
sequence->exp(for use bycond->if) that transforms a sequence into a single expression, usingbeginif necessary:(define (sequence->exp seq) (cond ((null? seq) seq) ((last-exp? seq) (first-exp seq)) (else (make-begin seq)))) (define (make-begin seq) (cons 'begin seq)) -
A procedure application is any compound expression that is not one of the above expression types. The
carof the expression is the operator, and thecdris the list of operands:(define (application? exp) (pair? exp)) (define (operator exp) (car exp)) (define (operands exp) (cdr exp)) (define (no-operands? ops) (null? ops)) (define (first-operand ops) (car ops)) (define (rest-operands ops) (cdr ops))
Derived expressions
Cond can be represented as a nest of if expressions.
(define (cond? exp)
(tagged-list? exp 'cond))
(define (cond-clauses exp) (cdr exp))
(define (cond-else-clause? clause)
(eq? (cond-predicate clause) 'else))
(define (cond-predicate clause)
(car clause))
(define (cond-actions clause)
(cdr clause))
(define (cond->if exp)
(expand-clauses (cond-clauses exp)))
(define (expand-clauses clauses)
(if (null? clauses)
'false ; no else clause
(let ((first (car clauses))
(rest (cdr clauses)))
(if (cond-else-clause? first)
(if (null? rest)
(sequence->exp
(cond-actions first))
(error "ELSE clause isn't
last: COND->IF"
clauses))
(make-if (cond-predicate first)
(sequence->exp
(cond-actions first))
(expand-clauses
rest))))))
Expressions (such as cond) that we choose to implement as syntactic
transformations are called derived expressions. Let expressions are
also derived expressions (see Exercise 4.6).
Practical Lisp systems provide a mechanism that allows a user to add new derived expressions and specify their implementation as syntactic transformations without modifying the evaluator. Such a user-defined transformation is called a macro. Although it is easy to add an elementary mechanism for defining macros, the resulting language has subtle name-conflict problems. There has been much research on mechanisms for macro definition that do not cause these difficulties. See, for example, Kohlbecker 1986, Clinger and Rees 1991, and Hanson 1991.
Exercise 4.2
Louis Reasoner plans to reorder the cond clauses in eval so that
the clause for procedure applications appears before the clause for
assignments. He argues that this will make the interpreter more
efficient: Since programs usually contain more applications than
assignments, definitions, and so on, his modified eval will usually
check fewer clauses than the original eval before identifying the
type of an expression.
-
What is wrong with Louis’s plan? (Hint: What will Louis’s evaluator do with the expression
(define x 3)?)
The procedure application check requires only that the expression be a pair, which any list will satisfy. For example, the expression
(define x 3)would trigger application instead of assignment, and end up failing. -
Louis is upset that his plan didn’t work. He is willing to go to any lengths to make his evaluator recognize procedure applications before it checks for most other kinds of expressions. Help him by changing the syntax of the evaluated language so that procedure applications start with call. For example, instead of (factorial 3) we will now have to write (call factorial 3) and instead of (+ 1 2) we will have to write (call + 1 2).
(define (application? exp) (tagged-list exp 'call)) (define (operator exp) (cadr exp)) (define (operands exp) (cddr exp))
Exercise 4.3
Rewrite eval so that the dispatch is done in data-directed
style. Compare this with the data-directed differentiation procedure
of Exercise 2.73. (You may use the car of a compound expression as
the type of the expression, as is appropriate for the syntax
implemented in this section.)
Borrowed from Weiqun Zhang's blog, for working implementations of
get and put.
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 4.3
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
(define *op-table* (make-eq-hash-table))
(define (get op type)
(hash-table/get *op-table* (list op type) #f))
(define (put op type proc)
(hash-table/put! *op-table* (list op type) proc))
(define (eval exp env)
(cond ((self-evaluating? exp) exp)
((variable? exp) (lookup-variable-value exp env))
((get (car exp) 'eval)
((get (car exp) 'eval) exp env))
((application? exp)
(apply (eval (operator exp) env)
(list-of-values (operands exp) env)))
(else
(error "Unknown expression type -- EVAL" exp))))
(put 'quote 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(text-of-quotation exp)))
(put 'set! 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval-assignment exp env)))
(put 'define 'eval eval-definition)
(put 'if 'eval eval-if)
(put 'lambda 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(make-procedure (lambda-parameters exp)
(lambda-body exp)
env)))
(put 'begin 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval-sequence (begin-actions exp) env)))
(put 'cond 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval (cond->if exp) env)))Exercise 4.4
Recall the definitions of the special forms and and or from Chapter 1:
and: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates tofalse,falseis returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all the expressions evaluate to true values, the value of the last expression is returned. If there are no expressions thentrueis returned.or: The expressions are evaluated from left to right. If any expression evaluates to a true value, that value is returned; any remaining expressions are not evaluated. If all expressions evaluate tofalse, or if there are no expressions, thenfalseis returned.
Install and and or as new special forms for the evaluator by
defining appropriate syntax procedures and evaluation procedures
eval-and and eval-or. Alternatively, show how to implement and
and or as derived expressions.
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 4.4
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Special forms
(define (eval-and exp env)
(define (eval-and-operands exps)
(if (no-operands? exps)
true
(let ((first (eval (first-operand exps) env))
(rest (rest-operands exps)))
(if (false? first)
false
(if (no-operands? rest)
first
(eval-and-operands rest))))))
(eval-and-operands (operands exp)))
(define (eval-or exp env)
(define (eval-or-operands exps)
(if (no-operands? exps)
false
(let ((first (eval (first-operand exps) env))
(rest (rest-operands exps)))
(if (true? first)
first
(eval-or-operands rest)))))
(eval-or-operands (operands exp)))
(put 'and 'eval eval-and)
(put 'or 'eval eval-or)
;; Derived expressions
(define (and->if exp)
(define (expand exps)
(if (null? exps)
'true
(make-if (list 'false? (car exps))
'false
(if (null? (cdr exps))
(car exps)
(expand (cdr exps))))))
(expand (cdr exp)))
(define (or->if exp)
(define (expand exps)
(if (null? exps)
'false
(make-if (list 'true? (car exps))
(car exps)
(expand (cdr exps)))))
(expand (cdr exp)))Exercise 4.5
Scheme allows an additional syntax for cond clauses, (⟨test⟩ =>
⟨recipient⟩). If ⟨test⟩ evaluates to a true value, then
⟨recipient⟩ is evaluated. Its value must be a procedure of one
argument; this procedure is then invoked on the value of the ⟨test⟩,
and the result is returned as the value of the cond expression. For
example
(cond ((assoc 'b '((a 1) (b 2))) => cadr)
(else false))
returns 2. Modify the handling of cond so that it supports this
extended syntax.
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 4.5
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
(define (cond-actions clause)
(if (tagged-list? (cdr clause) '=>)
(list (list (caddr clause) (cond-predicate clause)))
(cdr clause)))Exercise 4.6
Let expressions are derived expressions, because
(let ((⟨var₁⟩ ⟨exp₁⟩) … (⟨varₙ⟩ ⟨expₙ⟩))
⟨body⟩)is equivalent to
((lambda (⟨var₁⟩ … ⟨varₙ⟩)
⟨body⟩)
⟨exp₁⟩
…
⟨expₙ⟩)
Implement a syntactic transformation let->combination that reduces
evaluating let expressions to evaluating combinations of the type
shown above, and add the appropriate clause to eval to handle let
expressions.
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 4.6
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
(define (let->combination exp)
(let ((var-alist (cadr exp))
(body (cddr exp)))
(append (list (append (list 'lambda
(map car var-alist))
body))
(map cadr var-alist))))
(put 'let 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval (let->combination exp) env)))Exercise 4.7
Let* is similar to let, except that the bindings of the let*
variables are performed sequentially from left to right, and each
binding is made in an environment in which all of the preceding
bindings are visible. For example
(let* ((x 3)
(y (+ x 2))
(z (+ x y 5)))
(* x z))
returns 39. Explain how a let* expression can be rewritten as a
set of nested let expressions, and write a procedure
let*->nested-lets that performs this transformation. If we have
already implemented let (/github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/Exercise%204.6) and we want to extend the
evaluator to handle let*, is it sufficient to add a clause to eval
whose action is
(eval (let*->nested-lets exp) env)
or must we explicitly expand let* in terms of non-derived
expressions?
Let* can be written as a set of nested let expressions like so:
(let ((x 3))
(let ((y (+ x 2)))
(let ((z (+ x y 5)))
(* x z)))) ;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 5.7
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
(define (let*->nested-lets exp)
(define (nested-let var-alist body)
(if (null? var-alist)
body
(let ((var-pair (car var-alist))
(var-rest (cdr var-alist)))
(append (list 'let (list var-pair)
(nested-let var-rest body))))))
(nested-let (cadr exp)
(cddr exp)))
(put 'let* 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval (let*->nested-lets exp) env)))
Adding the new clause to eval is sufficient; it will recursively
evaluate the resulting expressions, translating let* to let to
combinations along the way.
Exercise 4.8
“Named let~” is a variant of ~let that has the form
(let ⟨var⟩ ⟨bindings⟩ ⟨body⟩)
The ⟨bindings⟩ and ⟨body⟩ are just as in ordinary let, except
that ⟨var⟩ is bound within ⟨body⟩ to a procedure whose body is
⟨body⟩ and whose parameters are the variables in the
⟨bindings⟩. Thus, one can repeatedly execute the ⟨body⟩ by
invoking the procedure named ⟨var⟩. For example, the iterative
Fibonacci procedure (1.2.2) can be rewritten using named let as
follows:
(define (fib n)
(let fib-iter ((a 1) (b 0) (count n))
(if (= count 0)
b
(fib-iter (+ a b)
a
(- count 1)))))
Modify let->combination of /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/Exercise%204.6 to also support named let.
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
;; Exercise 4.7
;; -------------------------------------------------------------------
(define (let->combination exp)
(define (let-combination var-alist body)
(append (list (append (list 'lambda
(map car var-alist))
body))
(map cadr var-alist)))
(define (named-let-combination name var-alist body)
(let-combination var-alist
(append (list (append (list 'define
(cons name (map car var-alist)))
body))
(list (cons name (map car var-alist))))))
(cond ((alist? (cadr exp))
(let-combination (cadr exp) (cddr exp)))
((symbol? (cadr exp))
(named-let-combination (cadr exp)
(caddr exp)
(cdddr exp)))
(else (error "Invalid expression -- LET"))))
(put 'let 'eval
(lambda (exp env)
(eval (let->combination exp) env)))Exercise 4.9
Many languages support a variety of iteration constructs, such as
do, for, while, and until. In Scheme, iterative processes can
be expressed in terms of ordinary procedure calls, so special
iteration constructs provide no essential gain in computational
power. On the other hand, such constructs are often convenient. Design
some iteration constructs, give examples of their use, and show how to
implement them as derived expressions.
Exercise 4.10
By using data abstraction, we were able to write an eval procedure
that is independent of the particular syntax of the language to be
evaluated. To illustrate this, design and implement a new syntax for
Scheme by modifying the procedures in this section, without changing
eval or apply.
<<4.1.3>> Evaluator Data Structures
Testing of predicates
(define (true? x)
(not (eq? x false)))
(define (false? x)
(eq? x false))Representing procedures
(define (make-procedure parameters body env)
(list 'procedure parameters body env))
(define (compound-procedure? p)
(tagged-list? p 'procedure))
(define (procedure-parameters p) (cadr p))
(define (procedure-body p) (caddr p))
(define (procedure-environment p) (cadddr p))Operations on Environments
(define (enclosing-environment env) (cdr env))
(define (first-frame env) (car env))
(define the-empty-environment '()) (define (make-frame variables values)
(cons variables values))
(define (frame-variables frame) (car frame))
(define (frame-values frame) (cdr frame))
(define (add-binding-to-frame! var val frame)
(set-car! frame (cons var (car frame)))
(set-cdr! frame (cons val (cdr frame)))) (define (extend-environment vars vals base-env)
(if (= (length vars) (length vals))
(cons (make-frame vars vals) base-env)
(if (< (length vars) (length vals))
(error "Too many arguments supplied"
vars
vals)
(error "Too few arguments supplied"
vars
vals)))) (define (lookup-variable-value var env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop
(enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(car vals))
(else (scan (cdr vars)
(cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env)) (define (set-variable-value! var val env)
(define (env-loop env)
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(env-loop
(enclosing-environment env)))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars)
(cdr vals)))))
(if (eq? env the-empty-environment)
(error "Unbound variable: SET!" var)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame)))))
(env-loop env)) (define (define-variable! var val env)
(let ((frame (first-frame env)))
(define (scan vars vals)
(cond ((null? vars)
(add-binding-to-frame!
var val frame))
((eq? var (car vars))
(set-car! vals val))
(else (scan (cdr vars)
(cdr vals)))))
(scan (frame-variables frame)
(frame-values frame))))<<4.1.4>> Running the Evaluator as a Program
(define (primitive-procedure? proc)
(tagged-list? proc 'primitive))
(define (primitive-implementation proc)
(cadr proc)) (define primitive-procedures
(list (list 'car car)
(list 'cdr cdr)
(list 'cons cons)
(list 'null? null?)
;; ⟨more primitives⟩
(list '= =)
(list '+ +)
(list '- -)
(list '* *)
(list '/ /)
))
(define (primitive-procedure-names)
(map car primitive-procedures))
(define (primitive-procedure-objects)
(map (lambda (proc)
(list 'primitive (cadr proc)))
primitive-procedures)) (define (setup-environment)
(let ((initial-env
(extend-environment
(primitive-procedure-names)
(primitive-procedure-objects)
the-empty-environment)))
(define-variable! 'true true initial-env)
(define-variable! 'false false initial-env)
initial-env))
(define the-global-environment
(setup-environment)) (define (apply-primitive-procedure proc args)
(apply-in-underlying-scheme
(primitive-implementation proc) args)) (define input-prompt ";;; M-Eval input:")
(define output-prompt ";;; M-Eval value:")
(define (driver-loop)
(prompt-for-input input-prompt)
(let ((input (read)))
(let ((output
(eval input
the-global-environment)))
(announce-output output-prompt)
(user-print output)))
(driver-loop))
(define (prompt-for-input string)
(newline) (newline)
(display string) (newline))
(define (announce-output string)
(newline) (display string) (newline)) (define (user-print object)
(if (compound-procedure? object)
(display
(list 'compound-procedure
(procedure-parameters object)
(procedure-body object)
'<procedure-env>))
(display object)))Now all we need to do to run the evaluator is to initialize the global environment and start the driver loop. Here is a sample interaction:
(define the-global-environment
(setup-environment))
(driver-loop)
;;; M-Eval input:
(define (append x y)
(if (null? x)
y
(cons (car x) (append (cdr x) y))))
;;; M-Eval value:
ok
;;; M-Eval input:
(append '(a b c) '(d e f))
;;; M-Eval value:
(a b c d e f)<<4.1.5>> Data as Programs
our evaluator is seen to be a universal machine. It mimics other machines when these are described as Lisp programs. This is striking.
The fact that the machines are described in Lisp is inessential. If we give our evaluator a Lisp program that behaves as an evaluator for some other language, say C, the Lisp evaluator will emulate the C evaluator, which in turn can emulate any machine described as a C program. Similarly, writing a Lisp evaluator in C produces a C program that can execute any Lisp program. The deep idea here is that any evaluator can emulate any other. Thus, the notion of “what can in principle be computed” (ignoring practicalities of time and memory required) is independent of the language or the computer, and instead reflects an underlying notion of computability. This was first demonstrated in a clear way by Alan M. Turing (1912-1954), whose 1936 paper laid the foundations for theoretical computer science. In the paper, Turing presented a simple computational model—now known as a Turing machine—and argued that any “effective process” can be formulated as a program for such a machine. (This argument is known as the Church-Turing thesis.) Turing then implemented a universal machine, i.e., a Turing machine that behaves as an evaluator for Turing-machine programs. He used this framework to demonstrate that there are well-posed problems that cannot be computed by Turing machines (see /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/Exercise%204.15), and so by implication cannot be formulated as “effective processes.” Turing went on to make fundamental contributions to practical computer science as well. For example, he invented the idea of structuring programs using general-purpose subroutines. See Hodges 1983 for a biography of Turing.
<<4.1.6>> Internal Definitions
<<4.1.7>> Separating Syntatic Analysis from Execution
By separating syntax analysis from execution in eval, we can ensure
we don't need to repeat the expensive analysis step for each
subsequent execution.
(define (eval exp env) ((analyze exp) env))
The result of calling analyze is the execution procedure to be
applied to the environment. The analyze procedure is the same case
analysis as performed by the original eval of /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/4.1.1, except that the
procedures to which we dispatch perform only analysis, not full
evaluation:
(define (analyze exp)
(cond ((self-evaluating? exp)
(analyze-self-evaluating exp))
((quoted? exp)
(analyze-quoted exp))
((variable? exp)
(analyze-variable exp))
((assignment? exp)
(analyze-assignment exp))
((definition? exp)
(analyze-definition exp))
((if? exp)
(analyze-if exp))
((lambda? exp)
(analyze-lambda exp))
((begin? exp)
(analyze-sequence
(begin-actions exp)))
((cond? exp)
(analyze (cond->if exp)))
((application? exp)
(analyze-application exp))
(else
(error "Unknown expression
type: ANALYZE"
exp)))) (define (analyze-self-evaluating exp)
(lambda (env) exp))
(define (analyze-quoted exp)
(let ((qval (text-of-quotation exp)))
(lambda (env) qval)))
(define (analyze-variable exp)
(lambda (env)
(lookup-variable-value exp env)))
(define (analyze-assignment exp)
(let ((var (assignment-variable exp))
(vproc (analyze
(assignment-value exp))))
(lambda (env)
(set-variable-value!
var (vproc env) env)
'ok)))
(define (analyze-definition exp)
(let ((var (definition-variable exp))
(vproc (analyze
(definition-value exp))))
(lambda (env)
(define-variable! var (vproc env) env)
'ok)))
(define (analyze-if exp)
(let ((pproc (analyze (if-predicate exp)))
(cproc (analyze (if-consequent exp)))
(aproc (analyze (if-alternative exp))))
(lambda (env)
(if (true? (pproc env))
(cproc env)
(aproc env)))))
(define (analyze-lambda exp)
(let ((vars (lambda-parameters exp))
(bproc (analyze-sequence
(lambda-body exp))))
(lambda (env)
(make-procedure vars bproc env))))
(define (analyze-sequence exps)
(define (sequentially proc1 proc2)
(lambda (env) (proc1 env) (proc2 env)))
(define (loop first-proc rest-procs)
(if (null? rest-procs)
first-proc
(loop (sequentially first-proc
(car rest-procs))
(cdr rest-procs))))
(let ((procs (map analyze exps)))
(if (null? procs)
(error "Empty sequence: ANALYZE"))
(loop (car procs) (cdr procs))))
(define (analyze-application exp)
(let ((fproc (analyze (operator exp)))
(aprocs (map analyze (operands exp))))
(lambda (env)
(execute-application
(fproc env)
(map (lambda (aproc) (aproc env))
aprocs)))))
(define (execute-application proc args)
(cond ((primitive-procedure? proc)
(apply-primitive-procedure proc args))
((compound-procedure? proc)
((procedure-body proc)
(extend-environment
(procedure-parameters proc)
args
(procedure-environment proc))))
(else (error "Unknown procedure type:
EXECUTE-APPLICATION"
proc))))Our new evaluator uses the same data structures, syntax procedures, and run-time support procedures as in /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/4.1.2, /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/4.1.3, and /github/sicp/src/branch/4.4/4.1.4.